Acupuncture for immune-mediated disorders

Philip A.M. Rogers MRCVS
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Postgraduate Course in Veterinary AP, Dublin, 1996
Updated 1993, 1995

 

 

See also the earlier review "Acupuncture effects on the body's defence systems and conditions responsive to acupuncture" (Rogers 1980)

 

SUMMARY

 

Acupuncture (AP) activates the defence systems . It influences specific and nonspecific cellular and humoral immunity; activates cell division, including blood-, reticulo-endothelial- and traumatised- cells; activates leucocytosis, microbicidal activity, antibodies, globulin, complement and interferon. It modulates hypothalamic-pituitary control of the autonomic and neuroendocrine systems, especially microcirculation, response of smooth and striated muscle and local and general thermoregulation.

 

Applications of AP include inflammation; trauma; tissue healing; burns; ulcers; indolent wounds; ischaemia; necrosis; gangrene; infections; post-infection sequelae; fever; auto-immune disease; allergy; anaphylaxis and shock; treatment or prevention of side effects from or sequelae to cerebrovascular disease (CVD), coronary heart disease (CHD), general anaesthetics, parturition, surgery, cytotoxic chemotherapy and ionizing radiation. AP may inhibit neoplastic cells.

 

Immunostimulant points include LI04,11; ST36; GB39; SP06; GV14; BL11,20,23-28; CV12. Some, such as BL52 are immunosuppressive. Antifebrile points include GV14 and ST36. Reactive reflex SHU, MU and Earpoints are useful in organic diseases. In immunomediated diseases, some or all of those points can be used with other points, especially local points and points for the major symptoms and/or points for the affected body part, area, function or organ.

  

INTRODUCTION

 

"Control of infectious diseases has depended on the use of vaccines and antibiotics, isolation and embargo, test and slaughter programmes. These strategies have failed to eradicate the major infectious diseases of livestock" (1). "Bacterial infections of the mare's uterus have the same incidence as they had before penicillin was discovered and the economic importance of endometritis is increasing with the increase in value of horses" (2).

 

Micro-organisms and other pests preceded the evolution of higher species and will exist long after their extinction. For optimum chance of survival, higher forms must learn to co-exist with lower. Adaptation is the key.

 

Acupuncture (AP) has antiinflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral effects. It enhances humoral and cellular immunity and has antiallergic effects. Earlier papers on the effects of AP on immunity were reviewed (3-9). Trelles et al (10) reviewed low power laser therapy (LLLT). The stimulus elicited analgesia, vasodilation, antiinflammatory and antioedematous effects, biostimulatory effects, cell proliferation, cicatrisation and tissue regeneration (wounds, burns, ulcers of skin and portio uteri, herpes lesions, urethritis, haemorrhoids, sinusitis, bone fractures and osteomyelitis, arthritis, muscle injury, neuralgia, alopecia areata) and local immune responses.

 

This Chapter summarises papers published mainly since 1980. The papers were published in medical journals, or in journals not usually read by orthodox health professionals. Most of the abstracts are from the American Journal of AP and the Scandinavian Journal of AP and Electrotherapy. Most of the reviews listed above are excluded. Readers are referred to those reviews.

EFFECTS OF AP ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND CLINICAL USES

 

AP, Electro-AP (EAP) or moxa enhanced the recovery of red and white cell counts (RCC and WCC) to normal or near-normal values in many conditions (11), including experimental radiation sickness (13-17), experimental Vibrio cholerae sensitivity (18). AP post-op in humans enhanced WCC, neutrophil phagocytosis, lymphocyte counts, and bactericidal activity (19). Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) increased phagocytosis in chronic wounds in horses (20), improved immune functions and remedied anaemia in children (21). Homoeostatic effects of AP are more obvious when abnormalities exist first (14). AP in patients on long-term cortisone therapy for spastic bronchitis, restored granulocyte migration to almost normal values (22). LLLT decreased the numbers and caused marked degranulation of mast cells in irradiated tissues (23). EAP or moxa enhanced the activity of the reticulo-endothelial system (24,25) but if used too often, adaptation reduced the effect (26-28).

 

Narcotic medication inhibits local immune response (29). AP or moxa enhanced cellular immunity (29-31), increased lymphocyte proliferation/count (30,32), lymphocyte transformation (LT) (31,33-35), T-cell numbers (36), serum globulins (34), T-cell staining by alpha naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) (37,38) and E-rosette formation (29,31,38). AP increased Natural Killer (NK) -cell activity (32). AP increased suppressor/cytotoxic T-cells, E-rosette positive T-cells and Leu 7+NK cells. Leu 11+NK cells decreased (39).

 

SPECIFIC AND NON-SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES, GLOBULIN, COMPLEMENT, INTERFERON
Globulins and antibodies: AP, LLLT or moxa increased SIgA in the small intestine in mice sensitised against Vibrio cholerae (18), Igs, specific antibodies and faecal IgA in bacillary dysentery (40), plasma IgM in chronic pelvic inflammation (41), beta and gamma globulins and A/G ratio in dogs with g/i helminthiasis (42) and antibody formation in wounded horses (20). AP improved non-specific immunity and regulated hyperactivity of the non-specific immune system in asthmatic and normal subjects (43). AP, LLLT and moxa improved immune parameters in systemic lupus erythematosus (44). Plasma cAMP was low in early malaria, indicating that metabolites of Plasmodia inhibit immune responses. As AP may cure malaria, its actions are thought to involve activation of the immune system and its symptomatic effects (45). AP or moxa increased complement in acute bacillary dysentery (40) and in scleroderma and asthma (46). Moxa increased complement in rabbits (47). AP increased circulating interferon in humans. Stimulation of interferon production may have clinical uses in viral infections and in other diseases (48).

 

PRE-, PER- AND POST- OPERATIVE INDICATIONS FOR AP: General anaesthesia suppresses antibody response (49) and other immune functions. It markedly reduces lymphocyte blastogenesis, which is not influenced by AP analgesia (50). Reflex analgesia by AP, EAP or TENS enhances immune response (see above) and leaves autonomic functions, including those of the foetus, intact (51,52). Effective methods of pre-, per- and post- op management, if they have immunostimulant effects, would be in the best interests of the patient and would reduce the need for potent drugs (opiates, barbiturates, diazepam, epidurals, gastric sedatives etc) and depress vital functions less (53,54).

 

Shock, anxiety, anorexia, nausea, vomiting etc are common pre-op. Some patients are hypersensitive to drugs. Pain, shock, abdominal spasm, anxiety, anorexia, wound infection, adhesions, scar TPs, intestinal adhesion, ileus, nausea, vomiting, apnoea, dyspnoea, retention of sputum, laryngitis, decreased renal filtration rate, urinary retention, peripheral ischaemia, pressure ischaemia etc are common post-op. AP pre- and/or post- op can prevent or treat most of those complications. Combination of per- and post-op EAP reduces the demand for post-op analgesic drugs and patients become self-caring more quickly (55,56). In particular, Patterson (53) cited data which showed that the incidence of post-op sepsis was 3% in patients under AP analgesia or electro-analgesia, as compared with 17% under general anaesthetics.

 

AP, EAP or acupressure at PC06 was more effective in preventing pre- or post- op nausea and vomiting than cyclazine and metoclopramide in patients undergoing surgery (57-59). When given during operation under drug anaesthesia, EAP (5 minutes at 10 Hz) was not effective (60). Nausea and vomiting due to passing a laryngoscope can be prevented in 80% of patients by heavy acupressure on LI04 (61,62). Atropine or conventional anticholinergic agents produce side effects, including dry mouth, blurred vision, dizziness and tachycardia. AP can replace anticholinergics, with few or no side effects, to facilitate gastroscopy or a barium meal (63-67).

 

AP, EAP or LLLT are useful per-operative analgesics in: high-risk patients (68); coordination of uterine contraction in labour (69,70); Caesarian section (71); gynaecological operations (31) and in hysterectomy. Post-op analgesia persists for 3-4 hours (54).

 

EAP combined with epidural (55), local or general anaesthesia for surgery reduces the amount of anaesthetic drugs needed (71) and confers neurovegetative protection from the effects of surgical trauma (72). Post-op recovery of spontaneous breathing, consciousness (56), and autonomic function is faster and the immune system is less depressed after combined anaesthesia than after drug anaesthesia without AP (68,73,74).

 

Similar analgesic and neurovegetative effects occur with post-op use of EAP and TENS (75). AP or EAP post-op stimulates fast recovery of liver function (69) and reduces hallucinations on emerging from ketamine anaesthesia (76). EAP and TENS post-op gave better analgesia than i/v meperidine but EAP analgesia lasted longer than TENS analgesia and increased with repetition of treatment (77). EAP post-op halved the use of pethidine (78). In post-op wound infection, blood vessels near the HuatoJiaJi points become engorged, usually in the scapular or inter-scapular area in the case of infected wounds of the upper limbs or face and in the lumbar area in the case of the lower limbs. One paravertebral needling, to release a few drops of blood from engorged vessels on the back, cured most cases (79).

 

AP was better than laser-AP or narcotic management of post-op infected wounds as regards analgesia, speed of healing and hospital stay (29). EAP reduced post-op intestinal adhesions (80). EAP or AP rapidly cured urinary retention post-op and in paraparetic cases (81-83) or retention postpartum or post-obstetrical surgery (84). AP restored urinary function in 100% of cases of retention or incontinence due to laceration and spondylosis of sacral vertebrae (85).

 

AP was effective in 96% of ileus/obstipation cases. Most cases emptied the bowel within 1 hour (86).

TRAUMA, TISSUE HEALING, BURNS, ULCERS, FISTULAS, INDOLENT WOUNDS: The success and use of plastic surgery, tissue replantation can be improved by increasing local blood circulation, phagocytosis and inflammatory reaction and/or preventing arterial spasm, thrombosis, blood sludging or clotting. Topical leeches (87), nitroglycerin, AP, EAP and LLLT enhance flap/graft survival (88-90).

 

Time to obtain pain relief and to resolve swelling in bone fracture and time to eliminate other symptoms and to heal the fracture was less than usual with EAP (91). EAP, Electrostimulation (ES) or LLLT greatly enhanced the rate of healing and strength of repair of wounds (92-94) and infected wounds and burns (95) and local antibiotics did not improve the success (96). Brown et al (11) stated that AP stimulation gave a longer rise in ipsilateral skin temperature (vasodilation) than stimulation of "non-points". AP or EAP via needles around the edge of trophic ulcers, including post-phlebitis ulcers, cured 100% (97). AP cured thromboangitis obliterans (98). AP, with anticoagulant therapy (heparin), cured thrombophlebitis (99). LLLT cured chronic wounds in horses (20). TENS or LLLT cured wounds, fistulas and peripheral circulatory disorders including ischaemia, ulcers, gangrene (10,100-103); chronic leprous ulcers (104). The healing rate was the same as in TENS treatment of other types of ulcer (neuropathy, atherosclerosis, varicose veins, thrombophlebitis, decubitus etc). Marked, prolonged vasodilation follows non-segmental TENS, probably due to release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), endorphin and serotonin (104). AP cured 92% of anal fissures. Pain and bleeding improved or stopped after the first session in 82% (105). Moxa needle (warming effect) was better than EAP or simple AP in re-establishing peripheral circulation in frostbite of the fingers (106).

 

INFLAMMATION, LOCALISED AND ORGANIC INFECTION: EAP inhibited experimental inflammation. EAP into the site gave the greatest antiinflammatory effect (107-109). AP suppressed histamine-mediated increase in vascular permeability and reduced exudation in burns (110).

 

AP or LLLT cured and prevented acute conjunctivitis (111), cured maxillary sinusitis (112,113). The results were better than with antibiotics. EAP is a first-choice method of preventing repeated attacks of chronic tonsillitis with fever (114). Earpoint AP was effective in treating tracheitis in infants (115) and was as good as medication in pyogenic otitis media (116). LLLT cured most acute cases (117). Fire needling, with a medicinal fuse, cured 100% of tubercular cervical lymphadenitis (118). AP cured 80% of Tinea capitis cases (119). EAP cured 46% and improved 42% of Tinea pedis cases. Fungal culture from the site was negative after AP (120). AP cured or markedly improved 46% and improved 50% of Scrofula cases (121). AP needling to bleed viral warts cured 97% within 3 months (122).

 

GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS:Stomach: AP at ST36 increased gastric motility (123) and amplitude, decreased the frequency of gastric contraction (124), increased serum gastrin (125) and decreased basal and vagally-mediated gastric acid secretion (126,127). EAP at BL20 increased the frequency and amplitude of contraction. Naloxone did not abolish the effect but vagotomy or atropine did (128). AP or EAP at ST36, BL21, PC06 increased gastric secretion of bicarbonate and sodium in dogs. Gastric acidity decreased (129,130). The AP effect was blocked by local anaesthesia of the AP points or by use of atropine. The AP effect is mediated by somatovisceral reflexes, via blockade of histamine H2- or cholinergic- receptors in gastric mucosa (126,128-130). AP-injection at BL18, BL21, ST36 was effective in atrophic gastritis (131). AP or EAP was effective in treating experimental gastric ulcer in rats (132,133), peptic ulceration in foals (134) and in clinical gastroduodenal ulcer in humans (126,135,136), even those which had relapsed after completion of conventional therapies (137). AP, moxa, magnetic-, electro-magnetic- or laser-AP were effective in 1-3 days in infantile enteritis, often in cases which had failed to respond to medication (138-142) and AP was effective in diarrhoea in diabetic neuropathy (143). AP was as good as antibiotic therapy in treating piglet diarrhoea usually associated with E. coli and coronavirus (144-146). LLLT at GV01 was effective in lamb dysentery (403). AP or AP + moxa was effective in dysentery (34,147), which had not responded to medication (37), increased intestinal microcirculation in 15 minutes and reduced hyperperistalsis and borborygmus after 15-30 minutes (148). AP or LLLT was effective in acute appendicitis (149,150). AP at GV01, BL35, BL57, GV20 cured 100 % of types 1 and 2 and 77 % of type 3 prolapsed rectum in children (151). AP, EAP, moxa and herbs are effective in curing hepatopathy (152) and hepatitis, including acute viral icteric hepatitis (153,154,155,156,157,158,159). AP and EAP aided normalisation of the pathological increase of 5-HT metabolism and decrease of DA content of the brain in CCl4 toxicity (160) and helped to prevent and cure pathology in CCl4 toxicity. The AP effect was mediated by endogenous opiates (161,162). AP at GB-related points increases intra-GB pressure up to 26 times. This helps expulsion of stones or ascarides from the bile duct (163). AP, EAP, acupressure are effective in cholecystitis, cholelithiasis and biliary ascariasis (136,163-176).

 

REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS: AP-type stimuli influence reproductive organs and functions, including release of LH, FSH, progesterone and oestradiol (177-179). It can activate or inhibit uterine and cervical contraction in humans and animals and can increase local microcirculation and immunity. AP can be used to prevent threatened abortion (180); to correct foetal malposition (181,182); to induce labour in women; to cure morning sickness (183,184); vaginitis/leucorrhea (185); dysmenorrhoea (186-190). AP cured vulvar ulceration (191), vulvar leukoplakia (192) and hysteromyoma without the need for surgery (193). It cured female infertility/sterility (amenorrhoea, anovulation, polycystic ovarian disease (POCD), functional metrorrhagia) (178,179,194,195); pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) (41,196-198). The results were better than in similar cases treated by antibiotics (199).

 

Endometritis always follows mating in mares but healthy mares clear the uterus within 48-72 hours. Poor contractility, imbalance of lymphatic/ circulatory/uterine secretion (build-up of secretions) and inability to clear the debris through the cervix are important in the aetiology uterine infection (200). AP was effective in repeat-breeder mares (201). Laser on the clitoris was effective in anoestrus in cows (404). Others claim success with AP in treating infertility (anoestrus, cystic ovary, and repeat breeder) in other species (cows, bitches, sows).

 

AP can treat impotence, poor libido, infertility and prostatitis in men (143,202-209). Similar claims are made for stud animals.

 

MAMMARY DISORDERS: AP, moxa, point bleeding and massage was effective within a few days in acute mastitis, breast abscess and breast carbuncle in women (210-214). AP cured mammary fibrocystic disease in women within 3 weeks and can be used in the differential diagnosis of fibrocystic disease from mammary carcinoma (215). AP was effective in mammary hyperplasia (216-217); proliferative mastosis (painful breast tumour, not specified if inflammatory or neoplastic) (218); primary agalactia and hypogalactia (219-221). There are claims that AP is effective in mastitis and agalactia in animals. Because of different anatomy/nerve supply, points for mammary disorders in animals are different to those in women.

URINARY DISORDERS: AP is effective in nephritis, cystitis, urethritis, urolithiasis and disorders of diuresis and micturition. BL23, GB25 and KI01 are especially effective for kidney function. AP at KI01 in dogs reduced diuresis (KI function). AP at BL23 blocks the effect of KI01 and adjusts diuresis (222). AP at BL23 markedly increased diuresis (urine, Na and Cl excretion) in men (223). AP was effective in limiting proteinuria and curing nephritis in HgCl2 toxicity in mice (162). AP was effective in renal colic, urolithiasis. Pain is controlled in minutes and stones are often passed in hours or days (136,224-229). The effects of AP on renal function and ureteral peristalsis can be seen with intravenous pyelography (230). BL28,32; CV03 and SP06 are very effective for bladder function and irritable bladder. The effects of AP on bladder function involve supra-spinal reflexes (83,231,232). AP is effective in cystitis, dysuria, urgency, frequency (233). In monkeys with unstable bladder, AP at SP06 had similar effects to atropine - it reduced or eliminated inappropriate bladder contractions but left normal voiding sequences intact. AP gave fast relief of unstable bladder and function normalised after repeated sessions (234). AP cured"neurogenic" bladder, (incontinence/retention) as in distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (143,235) and in enuresis (21,236,237).

 

SYSTEMIC OR GENERALISED INFECTIONS: AP activates immune reactions and controls the main symptoms in viral, protozoal, bacterial and fungal infectious diseases in humans and animals. It has a role in these conditions, if only as a support-therapy. AP cures the main signs and symptoms of viral diseases and has antiviral effects via the immune responses. Chronic Epstein-Barr Virus (CEBV) syndrome, also called Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), is caused by a herpes-type virus that causes an infectious mononucleosis. There is no effective medical treatment but AP at the immunostimulant points plus points for the main symptoms is helpful. AP cured mumps within 1-5 sessions (238); early cases of Herpes Zoster (shingles) within 2-7 days, with no post-herpetic sequelae (30,239). Pain eased within minutes of the first session. In chronic cases (more than 3 months old), the dorsal root ganglia may be scarred and prognosis to AP is poor. The most effective points are SI03 and the "Loo Point" (between BL62 and GB40 (240). AP cured or nearly cured 78% of infantile acute infectious multiple radiculitis. There were no deaths and no sequelae. The results were better than in cases treated without AP (241). AP improved 53% of infectious multiple neuritis, classified as a flaccidity syndrome in TCM (242). Saline injection twice/ day for 7 days at BL13 cured 90% of cases oflobar pneumonia, as compared with an 84% cure rate by penicillin and streptomycin (243). LLLT at Earpoint Lung in mice infected with influenza virus completely inhibited virus replication in lung cells but Earpoint Hypothalamus had no effect (244). Very good results were obtained by AP in AIDS and ARC victims in treating fatigue, depression, general malaise, dyspnoea, sinusitis, night sweat, diarrhoea, lymphadenitis, neurological disorders and pain, as in Kaposi's sarcoma. AP may prevent development of opportunistic infection but it was not successful in treating severe anaemia, which required blood transfusions if the PCV fell <22%, nor did AP prevent the appearance of new Kaposi's sarcoma lesions (245). Results improve when Chinese herbs are used (246).

 

AP treated and prevented symptoms of malaria if given 2 hours before the expected attack (45,247) and was far better therapy than decocted Herba Artemisiae Chinghao (Chinese herb with antidysenteric effect) but was less effective than nitroquine (248). AP cured 90% of cases of thrombocythaemia following splenectomy in schistosomiasis (249).

 

AP in gastroenteritis, dysentery, cholera etc has been discussed. EAP at PC06 and LU06 in lung TB cured or improved the haemoptysis (250). Local ES via saline-soa-ked gauze wrapped around the digits and tibia, plus naproxin cured infectious polyarthrosis in parrots which had failed to respond to medication (251). 

 

POST-INFECTION SEQUELAE: The prognosis for successful AP treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia was good in younger patients, with more recent pain of lower intensity, but was bad in older patients with severe pain of long duration (252). Carbamacepine or carbamacepine plus AP-injection was used in Post-Distemper Epileptiform Seizures (PDES) and Idiopathic Epilepsy (IE) in dogs. AP cured early IE and enhanced the curative effects of carbamacepine in IE. Neither was effective in PDES, probably because of irreversible brain damage in PDES (253). AP was very effective in 63-89% of post-polio paralysis (254-257).

 

THERMOREGULATION, FEVER: Fever points include GV13,14,20; LI04,11; ST36 and Earpoints ShenMen, JiaoGuan, Lung, Ear Apex (258-260).

 

ALLERGY, HYPERSENSITIVITY: AP was successful in allergies, including cardiovascular (migraine), respiratory (asthma, rhinitis, hayfever), digestive (colitis, enteritis, ulceration) and cutaneous (eczema, itch).

 

SKIN ALLERGY: Bilaterality of signs or symptoms indicates brain or spinal mediation. SI03 and the "Loo Point", alone or combined with Source and GV Points, can help in such cases (Herpes Zoster, neurodermatitis, eczema, psoriasis, pityriasis rosea, dyshidrosis of hands and feet, diffuse granuloma annulare) (240,261). Segmental AP inhibited histamine-induced pruritus. Extra-segmental AP had no effect. The results suggested that AP could be effective in pruritic conditions (262-263). Uraemic pruritus is difficult to treat medically but EAP or laser-AP was successful (264). AP was much better than herbs and western drug therapy in treating acne (265). AP, L-phenylalanine or DPA enhanced immune response, as assessed by enhanced delayed type hypersensitivity to di-nitrofluorobenzene in mice (266). AP was effective in pruritus vulvae (267). Scleroderma is very difficult to cure by conventional methods. AP of the lesion and AP point injection with herbal extracts improved 97% of cases (33). AP and EAP are preferable to conventional methods of treating focal scleroderma (268).

 

RESPIRATORY ALLERGY: More than 60 papers on AP in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the previous 10 years were reviewed (269). 70-97% of >18,400 cases were cured or improved. AP and moxa increased immunity to infections, decreased allergic reaction and regulated the ANS. AP (270-272), EAP (273), injection-AP (274), plum-blossom AP and cupping (275), laser-AP (276), moxa followed by application of a mixture of Ginseng, gentian violet and white mustard powder (277) and catgut embedding (278) improved 53-90 of COPD cases. Best results were in mild cases of bronchitis and bronchial asthma. Steroid dependent cases improved less. Success was associated with shorter hospitalisation, improved subjective symptoms, general well-being, improved respiratory function, oxygen cost, ease of breathing and walking distance, increased sputum secretion, normalised serum immunoglobulins and cessation of medication or decreased use of some or all previously required drugs (steroids, mucolytics, antibiotics, amino-xanthines, beta-agonists, sedatives, aerosols and nebulisers) except in attacks of dyspnoea or lung infections. AP (187, 279-283), thermal-AP (284), AP + moxa + cupping (285), Earpoint-AP (283), LLLT (286), "Festering" or scarring moxa (moxa over garlic- or ginger- juice) (287-289) improved 65-100% of bronchial asthmatics. AP with warming moxa was more effective than AP with cupping (290). The therapeutic effect of AP in asthma may be by reflex and humoral effects (279). Others also confirmed that AP was beneficial in asthma (291,292). In children with exercise-induced asthma, AP and sham-AP attenuated exercise-induced asthma but real AP was more effective (293,294). Salbutamol spray was less effective after real AP, as there was less bronchoconstriction at the end of challenge (293). AP, EAP or cesium chloride plasters were effective in resistant allergic rhinitis (283,295-298).

AUTO-IMMUNE DISEASE: AP and moxa decreased steroid use and improved the symptoms and signs of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (44,299). Symptoms and signs of rheumatoid arthritis were alleviated by AP (300), AP plus cupping (301), semi-permanent needle, point injection, gold beads or magnets (302-304), festering moxa (305,306) and dietary change. The lesions and pruritus of psoriasis were helped by AP, catgut embedding (307) and dietary change.

 

Signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis can be controlled by AP, EAP (308-311) and dietary change, especially removal of wheat products.

 

Signs and symptoms (exophthalmos, palpitations, nervousness etc) in auto-immune hyperthyroidism (Hashimoto's thyroiditis) can be helped by AP (312-314), point injection (315), moxa (316) and LLLT (286,317,318).

 

EMERGENCIES, ANAPHYLAXIS, SHOCK: Emergencies include shock (traumatic-, haemorrhagic-, endotoxic-, toxic- and anaphylactic-); convulsions, coma, unconsciousness or collapse from many other causes; CVD, CHD, heatstroke, drowning, poisoning etc. Points for revival include GV26 and KI01. GV26 (or KI01) with PC06 is useful in coma or unconsciousness with cardiac failure. AP, EAP and LLLT was effective in anaphylactic shock (319-321); in experimental haemorrhagic shock (322-324) and protected against damage to myocardial cells (325). The antishock effect of AP, EAP, TENS, moxa or electrocautery at GV26 is via sympathicomimetic cardiovascular responses (326-330). AP at GV26 reversed anaesthetic shock and apnoea within 10-30 seconds (331-336). In circulatory collapse with cardiac arrest, the success rate was 43% but stimulation had to be continued for up to 10 minutes (331). In histamine-induced shock, moxa at CV04 increased cardiac output, peripheral resistance, mean BP, renal plasma flow, glomerular filtration rate, urine flow and excretion of Na, Cl and K ions (337). AP at PC06 and the Four Pass points was successful in treating convulsions (187).

 

CVD, CEREBRAL PALSY, PARALYSIS: In the acute stage of CVD, AP can help to save life and to reduce sequelae. Points include GV26, whose stimulation causes an immediate and marked increase in brain and cerebral pia mater perfusion (322), similar to that following increase of carbon dioxide, but greater than that following 100% oxygen, in the inspired air (338). EAP at ST09 (over the carotid plexus) or AP at GB34, LI04,11 had similar effects to GV26 (338-340).

 

Signs and symptoms of acute or recent CVD were cured or improved in 50-95% of cases by AP (341-348), AP plus point injection (349) or EAP (350). Early AP treatment gave better results.

 

CVD sequelae: Loss of motor or sensory power after CVD may be due to clot persistence, oedema and vasospasm. After the vascular rupture has sealed and BP has stabilised, great improvement may be obtained by methods which (a) increase cerebral oxygenation (local vasodilation and removal of oedema) and (b) increase fibrinolysis. AP can give both of these effects.

 

When the patient is stabilised, to prevent or treat sequelae, points include Scalp points (351), Meridian points and New Points. Points are chosen according to the signs and symptoms and can be combined with distant points, such as SI03 and the "Loo point" (midway between BL62 and GB40) and points on the affected nerve trunk (261). Points are often used on the "good" limb or on the diagonal of the affected limb. The SHU points of the main channels are useful.

 

Improving cerebral oxygenation post-CVD: AP relieves spasm in cerebral vessels and increases circulation by improving the elasticity of vessels, improving cardiac pumping capacity and promoting formation of collateral circulation (341). AP or EAP is 56-96% effective, even in cases 6-12 months old (308,328,352-356). Best results were in cases less than 3-6 months old. AP plus moxa is used in weak or fatigued patients (355).

 

Improving fibrinolysis post-CVD: Blood clotting time is reduced in many cerebral thrombosis cases. AP, EAP, LLLT and moxa reduced blood viscosity, decreased fibrinogen and increased clotting time and cerebral arterial flow (357-360).

CVD due to cerebral-arteriosclerosis, infarct: Clinical signs and symptoms in such cases are often reversible. Many such cases have kidney or bladder problems. When these are treated successfully, cerebral functions improve. (Kidney and bladder problems may be the cause of the cerebral signs and symptoms). Headaches may be caused by pelvic, gonadal, vesical or renal problems. Somatic pathology may cause spinal and central signs which resemble arteriosclerosis (361). AP is 60-98% effective in improving organ function in patients diagnosed as infarcted or arteriosclerotic (362-364).

 

As part of a multiple-modality treatment in cerebral trauma, concussion, AP helped to normalise vegetovascular function (365) and improved 72% of cases (366).

 

Sequelae of cerebral birth injury include blindness, deafness, paralysis and muscle spasms. AP at BL01,02; ST02; LV03; LI04; GB20,37 cured 100% of children with cortical blindness (367). Brain-damaged children were helped by acupressure (368) and Scalp EAP helped 94% of cerebral palsy cases (356).

 

Points for spinal disorders (disc disease, spondylitis, paralysis from oedema or bleeding in the cord etc) include Trigger Points (TPs), local points, key points such as: BL40 and GB34 for lumbar spine (369); GV14, BL40 for thoracic spine; SI03, ST38 for cervical spine. SI03 and the "Loo Point" alone or with other points (especially GV points and Source points) has been up to 90% successful for diseases of all parts of the spinal cord, including pain; paraesthesia; tremors; paralysis in polio or trauma (261).

 

ONCOLOGY, CANCER THERAPY, CHEMOTHERAPY AND RADIATION SICKNESS: Immunocompetence is decreased in cancer (370-372). Chemo- and radio- therapy may depress it still further (373). Therapy which enhances local or general immune response or influence local microclimate may influence metabolism in neoplastic tissue. Direct application of heat, cold, ionizing radiation or chemicals to cancerous tissue changes its micro-environment. Electrothermal needling of transplantable carcinoma in mice cured 50-88% and 70-90% of tumours regressed (374). Direct current applied to cancerous tissue shows promise (375). Aberrant cells are killed selectively (cytotoxic effect) or replication is halted. Local lysis, change of local ionic composition, peripheral micro-thrombosis, reduced fuel- or blood- supply to the cancer and activation of humoral and local cellular immune responses (chemotaxis, phagocytosis etc) may be involved. AP, LLLT, moxa and herbs have a role as a primary or secondary therapy in cancer (376-379). AP increased immune responses (370,372,376,380,381), normalised ERFC and counteracted the immunosuppressive effect of radiotherapy (372,373). Laser-AP promoted immune responses and gave direct and indirect results in cancer therapy (382). Microwave-AP was more effective that chemotherapy. It had marked therapeutic effect on leucopenia resulting from radio-therapy (381). AP helps differential diagnosis of cancer (383). AP, EAP, point injection, TENS etc can give analgesia in patients with cancer pain (384-389), even when physiotherapy, conventional analgesia, radiation- and chemo-therapy give little or no relief (390,391) or when narcotic analgesia causes undesirable side effects (386,387,391,392). They can also control secondary symptoms (384,392). AP analgesia was used successfully to facilitate radiosurgical therapy of cancer (insertion of radium needles in neoplasms of the oral cavity). Post-op analgesia lasted 24-48 hours. Local tissue healing was enhanced (393). Side-effects of cancer therapy (oncosurgery, cytotoxic anticancer drugs, radio-sensitizing drugs and ionizing radiation) may be so severe as to hinder the patient's treatment (394). The side-effects can be treated or prevented by AP, EAP, moxa or LLLT therapy (31,246,394-399). Radiation sickness can be treated or prevented successfully by AP, EAP and moxa (12-16,400, 401).

 

The following is an example of new claims from Chinese sources: 2% cesium chloride cream was applied to the AP points. The plaster was renewed every 2-3 days. The method was used in >2500 cases, including pain, trauma, chronic rhinitis, asthmatic bronchitis, enuresis and primary hypertension. It gave results similar to those of AP and therapeutic effects usually appeared in 15-30 minutes when the correct points were treated (296). Similar success was reported in 70 cases of pain and skin diseases when lithium chloride cream was applied to AP points or to the lesion, or when cream with 20% urea was applied to painful areas or skin lesions and in 80 cases of anal fissures or colic due to intestinal fissure when suppositories containing 100 mg urea were used (188). Oral or rectal lithium was effective in meno-metrorrhagia, acute dysentery, rectitis, colitis, anal fissure, haemorrhoids, constipation, mild precordial pain, colic due to intestinal adhesion, bipolar affective disorders, granulopenia, shoulder pain but had no effect in backpain and acute cystitis. Lithium, cesium and urea are acetyl choline esterase (AChE) activators. Their clinical effects may be mediated by the biphasic AChE-activation system. AP Channels and Points may be an interconnecting network of tissue rich in AChE isoenzymes and receptors and clinical effects of AP are mediated by that system (188, 402).

 

 

CODES FOR AP AND LASER JOURNALS IN ENGLISH

 

• AETRIJ Acupuncture & Electro-Therapy Research International Journal
• AJA American Journal of Acupuncture
• AJCM American Journal of Chinese Medicine
• ARQ Acupuncture Research Quarterly (Taiwan)
• CME&W Comparative Medicine East & West
• CMJ Chinese Medical Journal
• LS&M Laser Surgery & Medicine
• SJA&ET Scandinavian Journal of Acupuncture & Electrotherapy

 

CODES FOR AP JOURNALS IN CHINESE AND JAPANESE

 

• CAP&M Chinese Acupuncture & Moxibustion
• CJIT&WM Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional & Western Medicine
• JJSAP&M Journal of the Japan Society of Acupuncture & Moxibustion
• JTCM Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine

 

1.Nonnecke BJ, Harp JA. Function and regulation of lymphocyte-mediated immune responses: Relevance to bovine mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science 1989; 72:1313-1327.

2.Ashbury 1986, cited in Allen WE, Pycock JF. Current views on the pathogenesis of bacterial endometritis in mares. Veterinary Record 1989; 125:298-301.

3.O'Connor J, Bensky D. A summary of research concerning the effects of AP. AJCM 1975; 3:377-394.

4.Rogers PAM, White SS, Ottaway CW. Stimulation of the AP points in relation to analgesia and therapy of clinical disorders in animals. Veterinary Annual 1977; 17:258-279. Wright Scitechnica, Bristol.

5.Lin JH, Rogers PAM. AP effects on the body's defence systems: a veterinary review. Veterinary Bulletin 1980; 50:633-640.

6.Rogers PAM, Bossy J. Activation of the defence systems of the body in animals and man by AP and moxibustion. ARQ 1981; 5:47-54.

7.Zhao JM. AP and immunity. Abstract AJA 1982; 10:173, ex CAP&M 1981; 1 (Oct):41-43.

8.Rogers PAM. AP in small animal practice. Irish Veterinary News 1984; July:22-31.

9.Smith MO. A bibliography AP and the immune system (including Chinese and Russian research) from 1960-1984. AP Research Unit, Lincoln Hospital, The Bronx, New York, 1984.

10.Trelles MA, Mayayo E, Mester A, Rigau J. Low power laser-therapy: Experimental and clinical data with special reference to Spain. SJA&ET 1987; 2:80-100.

11.Brown ML, Ulett GA, Stern JA. The effects of AP on white blood cell counts. AJCM 1974; 2:383-398.

12.Wu JC, Hau DM. Preliminary study on the effects of moxibustion on gamma-ray-irradiated mice. ARQ 1980; 4:91-105.

13.Hau DM. Effects of Electro-AP on the function of some leukocyto- poietic organs in gamma-irradiated mice. ARQ 1980; 4:21-32.

14.Hau DM. Some haematological effects of moxibustion on X-ray irradiated guinea pigs. ARQ 1981; 5:7-18.

15.Hau DM. Effects of moxibustion on the function of some leukocyto- poietic organs in mice. ARQ 1982; 6:11-21.

16.Wu JC, Hau DM. Effects of moxibustion on the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases in some leukocytopoietic organs of mice. ARQ 1982; 6;111-121.

17.Hau DM. Effects of EAP on leucocytes and plasma protein in X-irradiated rats. Abstract AJA 1985; 13:378, ex AJCM 1984; 12:106-114.

18.Ting KK et al. The effect of AP at ST25 penetrating to CV12 on immune responses in mice sensitised against experimental cholera. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:280, ex AJCM 1986; 14:73-85.

19.Zhou RX et al. Influence of AP on phagocytosis of leucocytes in the human body. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:176, ex CAP&M 1987; 7 (Dec):31-33.

20.Muxeneder R. Soft laser in the conservative treatment of chronic skin lesions in the horse. Der Praktische Tierarzt 1987; 68:12-21.

21.He JZ et al. Observation on the therapeutic effect of laser-AP in 101 cases of infantile enuresis and its influence on constitution of the patient. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:180, ex CAP&M 1988; 8 (Feb):17-19.

22.Sliwinski J. Effects of AP on granulocyte migration in patients with chronic spastic bronchitis. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:78, ex paper to the International Medical Acupuncture Conference, London 1986; May 4-6.

23.Mayayo E. Mast cells in laser irradiation. Investigacion y Clinica Laser 1984; 1/1:24-25.

24.Anon. Effect of EAP on hypotensive rats and its influence on clearance time of colloidal phosphonium in blood. Abstract AJA 1983: 11:74, ex CAP&M 1982; 2 (Jun):25-26.

25.Furuya E et al. Effect of moxa on phagocytic activity in mice. 2. A change in lysosomal enzyme activity of peritoneal exudate cells and peritoneal macrophage after single moxa. Abstract AJA 1983; 11:377, ex JJSAP&M 1982: 32:1-8.

26.Okazaki M et al. Effect of moxa on phagocytic activity in mice. 3. Influence of multiple moxa. Abstract AJA 1983; 11:377-378, ex JJSAP&M 1982; 32:9-16.

27.Sin YM. Effect of EAP and moxa on phagocytic activity of the reticulo- endothelial system of mice. AJA 1983; 11:237-241.

28.Okazaki M et al. Effects of single moxa on phagocytic activity in mice. AJA 1983: 11:112-122.

29.Tsibulyak VN, Lee TS, Alisov AP. Reflexotherapy for analgesia and treatment of infected wounds. SJA&ET 1988: 3:137-146.

30.Tang R et al. Herpes zoster treated by AP and the effect of its immune action. Abstract AJA 1982; 10:180, ex CAP&M 1981; 1 (Dec):7-10.

31.Weng CY. An investigation of analgesia using laser beam on AP point - laser AP analgesia. Proceedings 5th International Symposium on AP, Bucharest 1986:179-180.

32.Kurono Y et al. Effects of EAP on human immune system 3. Abstract AJA 1984; 12:377 ex JJSAP&M 1984; 33:12-17.

33.Yuan Y et al. Stimulating circulation to end stasis in scleroderma. Abstract AJA 1981; 9:184, ex CMJ 1981; 94:85-93.

34.Zhang TQ et al. AP treatment of acute bacillary dysentery. Abstract AJA 1982; 10:368, ex CAP&M 1982; 2 (Jun):14-17.

35.Ding V, Roath S, Lewith GT. The effect of AP on lymphocyte behaviour. AJA 1983; 11:51-54.

36.Hou SK et al. Effect of ordinary-AP and freezing-AP on human T- cells. Abstract AJA 1982; 10:178, ex CAP&M 1981; 1 (Oct):34-36.

37.Lu RK et al. A comparison between AP effect and T-lymphocyte esterase staining count of Shiga's dysentery and Flexner's dysentery. Abstract AJA 1984; 12:67, ex CAP&M 1983; 3 (Aug):5-7.

38.Wu JL et al. AP effects on alpha naphthyl acetate esterase staining patterns of circulating lymphocytes and E-rosetting forming cells. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:270, ex CMJ 1986; 99:15-40.

39.Jurono Y, Ishigami T. Effect of EAP on human immune system: Analysis of peripheral T-lymphocyte subsets by laser flow cytometry. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:372, ex JJSAP&M 1986; 36:95-101.

40.Xu BQ et al. Role of humoral immunity in acute bacillary dysentery treated by AP. JTCM 1980; 21:71-74.

41.Zhang YH et al. Treatment of 71 cases of chronic pelvic inflamm- ation by moxa on ginger. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:83, ex CAP&M 1986; 6 (Dec):36-38.

42.Still J, Konrad J. Effect of AP on haematological and biochemical values of dogs with helminthoses. Veterinarni Medicina 1985; 30:687-698.

43.Feng JG et al. Clinical effect and immune function of patients with bronchial asthma treated by AP. Abstract AJA 1982; 10:174 ex CAP&M 1981; 1 (Dec):15-17.

44.Feng SF et al. Treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus by AP. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:76 ex CMJ 1985; 98:171-176.

45.Xiao SQ et al. Clinical and experimental study of AP treatment of tertian malaria. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:374, ex JTCM 1986; 6/2:83-88.

46.Gui JS et al. Effect of various methods of moxa on the immune function in humans. In Second National Symposium on AP and Moxibustion, Beijing. Foreign Languages Printing House 1984:156.

47.Chen Y et al. A research test for the effect of regular acupoint moxa on immune function of rabbits. In Second National Symposium on AP and Moxibustion, Beijing. Foreign Languages Printing House 1984:540.

48.Chin TF, Lin JG, Wang SY. Induction of circulating interferon in humans by AP. AJA 1988; 16:319-322.

49.Lin JH, Chi PY, Chan TK, Hau DM. The effect of general and local anaesthesia on the excitation of antibody production caused by electro-AP. ARQ 1976; 1:1-6.

50.Xu Y et al. Functional influence on cellular immunity by AP analgesia and drug anaesthesia. Abstract AJA 1984; 12:78, ex CAP&M 1983; 3 (Dec):19-20.

51.Zolnikov SM, Shatkina GV, Ustinova KK. Reflex analgesia in the relief of labour. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:74, ex Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Akupunktur 1985; 28:82-86.

52.Liu YT et al. Neonatal neuro-behaviourial responses after AP and general anaesthesia for caesarian section. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:77, ex CAP&M 1986; 6 (Dec):26-28.

53.Patterson M. Addictions can be cured. Lion Publishers, Berkhamsted, U.K. 1975.

54.Facco E et al. Comparison between AP and pentazocine analgesia and respiratory post-operative effects. Abstract AJA 1983; 11:374, ex AJCM 1981; 9:225-235.

55.Ma LH et al. Clinical observation of 57 cases of hysterectomy using combined AP and epidural anaesthesia. Abstract AJA 1985; 13:274, ex CAP&M 1985; 5 (Apr):18-19.

56.Poulain Ph et al. A versus narcotic analgesia during per- and post- operative period- a randomised study on 250 patients. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:175-176, ex paper to the International Medical Acupuncture Conference, London 1986; May 4-6.

57.Dundee JW, Chestnutt WN, Ghaly RG, Lynas AGA. Traditional Chinese AP: a potentially useful antiemetic ? British Medical Journal 1986; 293:583-584.

58.Fry ENS. Antiemetic action of acupressure. British Medical Journal 1986; 292:1398.

59.Fitzpatrick KTJ, Ghaly RG, Dundee JW. A comparison of the antiemetic action of manual and electro-AP with that of cyclizine and metoclo- pramide. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1987; 59:936-937.

60.Dundee JW et al. Influence of intraoperative AP and droperidol on postoperative emesis. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:378, ex British Journal of Anaesthesia 1988; 61:116-117.

61.Deng DH et al. Finger pressure at LI04 stops nausea. Abstract AJA 1985; 13: 278 ex CAP&M 1985; 5 (Apr):11-13.

62.Deng DH et al. Observations on combatting nausea by finger pressure on LI04. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:380 ex JTCM 1986; 6:111-112.

63.Han et al 1981 64. Hou YZ et al. AP anaesthesia as a premedication for peroral endoscopy. Abstract AJA 1982; 10:269, ex CAP&M 1982; 2 (Feb):18-20.

65.Shen JQ et al. The use of AP analgesia in fibergastroscopy. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:181, ex CAP&M 1986; 6 (Feb):30-31.

66.Chu H, Zhao SZ, Huang YJ. Application of AP during gastroscopy with a fiberoptic endoscope. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:270, ex JTCM 1987; 7 (Dec):279.

67.Jiang JH. Auricular AP for hypotonia in Gastrointestinal examination. AJA 1987; 15:184.

68.Glennie-Smith K. Stimulation-produced analgesia for major joint surgery in elderly poor-risk patients: a feasibility study. AJA 1987; 15:180, ex paper to the International Medical Acupuncture Conference, London 1986; May 4-6.

69.Zolnikov SM et al. EAP in rehabilitation of cholecystotomy patients. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:174, ex Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Akupunktur 1985; 28:132-135.

70.Umeh BUO. Sacral AP for pain relief in labour: initial clinical experience in Nigerian women. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:178, ex AETRIJ 1986; 11:147-151.

71.Janssens LAA, Rogers PAM, Schoen AM. AP analgesia: A review. Veterinary Record 1988; 122:355-359.

72.Markelova VF et al. Reaction of the pituitary-adrenal system to surgical interventions during EAP. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:79, ex Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Akupunktur 1986; 29/5:121-124.

73.Lewis GBH. An alternative approach to premedication: comparing diazepam with auriculotherapy and a relaxation method. AJA 1987; 15:205-214.

74.Ponomarenko TP. Experience of using electro-AP in combined analgesia. SJA&ET 1987; 2;42-45.

75.Zolnikov SM, Ponomarenko TP. Reflex therapy in the post-operative period. SJA&ET 1987; 2:38-41.

76.Ceccherelli F et al. Influence of AP on post-operative complications following ketamine anaesthesia. The importance of manual stimulation of Earpoints R and Shenmen. Abstract AJA 1983; 11:76, ex AETRIJ 1981; 6:255-264.

77.Martelete M, Fiori AMC. Comparative study of the analgesic effect of TENS, EAP and meperidine in the treatment of postoperative pain. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:168, ex AETRIJ 1985; 10:183-185.

78.Christensen A et al. EAP and post-operative pain. Abstract AJA 1989; 17:269, ex Br. J. Anaesthesia 1989; 62:258-262.

79.Ding YL. Post-operative inflammatory infection treated by pricking blood vessela on the back. Abstract AJA 1984; 12:380, ex CAP&M 1984; 4 (Jun):5-6.

80.Wang XM. Analysis of therapeutic effects in 110 cases of intestinal adhesion treated by EAP. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:270, ex CAP&M 1987; 7 (Feb):9-10.

81.Zhao TY et al. Post-operative retention of urine in 100 cases treated by AP. Abstract AJA 1982; 10:182, ex CAP&M 1981; 1 (Oct):2-4.

82.Wu BF. Postpartum or postoperative urinary retention treated by AP. Abstract AJA 1985; 13:281-282, ex CAP&M 1985; 5 (Feb):8-9.

83.Wu DZ. AP in the treatment of urinary retention- the working hypothesis. SJA&ET 1987; 4:10-17.

84.He LY et al. Puerperal retention of urine treated by AP. Abstract AJA 1984; 12:82-83, ex CAP&M 1983; 3 (Oct):4.

85.An XC et al. Urinary disorders due to sacral vertebral laceration. Abstract AJA 1985; 13:280, ex CAP&M 1985; 5 (Apr):1-3.

86.Shi XM. Clinical observation on 50 cases of obstipation treated by AP. Abstract AJA 1983; 11:70, ex JTCM 1982; 2 (Jun):162.

87.Anon. Leeches to enhance reimplant survival in humans. Cable TV, New York City, 1988; Oct. 15: 5.45 a.m.

88.Musajo-Somma A, Tritto MC. Efficacy of topical nitroglycerin and low power laser irradiation on survival of experimental skin flaps. Laser News 1988; 1:13-16.

89.Jansen G, Lundeberg T, Kjartansson J, Samuelson UE. AP and sensory neuropeptides increase cutaneous blood flow in rats. Neuroscience Letters 1989; 97:305-309.

90.Jansen G, Lundeberg T, Samuelson UE, Thomas M. Increased survival of ischaemic musculocutaneous flaps in rats after AP. Abstract AJA 1989; 17:269, ex Acta physiol. Scand., 1989; 135:555-558.

91.Zhang JF. Presentation of 44 cases of fracture treated with AP and intermittent direct current. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:382-383, ex CAP&M 1988; 8 (Apr):23-25.

92.Abolafia AJA, Sumano HL, Navarro RE, Ocampo LC. Evaluation of the effect of AP on first intention healing. Rev. Veterinaria Mexico 1985; 16:27-31.

93.Lievens P. The effect of laser irradiation on the lymphatic system and wound healing. Acupunctuur 1987; 10:4-8.

94.Sumano H, Cosaubon T, Lopez G. Effect of electrostimulation on second intention wound healing. Vet. School Mexico City. Personal Communication 1987.

95.Sumano H, Casaubon T. Evaluation of Electro-AP effects on wound- and burn-healing. Vet. School Mexico City. Personal Communication 1987.

96.He JU et al. Infectious face wounds treated by AP point radiation with He-Ne laser. Abstract AJA 1983; 11:382, ex CAP&M 1983; 3 (Jun):11-12.

97.Di Bernardo N et al. EAP and trophic ulcers. Minerva Medica- Minerva Riflessoterapeutica 1980; 71:3715-3718.

98.Zhang HZ et al. Thromboangitis obliterans (181 cases) treated by AP. Abstract AJA 1982; 10:185, ex CAP&M 1981; 1 (Dec):10-12.

99.Raut C. Successful treatment of thrombophlebitis by AP. AJA 1984; 12:245-249.

100.Pontinen P. Low frequency TNS in peripheral vascular disease. SJA&ET 1986; 1:93.

101.Buttafarro F, Colombo R. Soft laser therapy of vascular ulcers of the leg. Laser News 1988; 1:7-10.

102.Biedebach M. Accelerated healing of skin ulcers by electrical stimulation and the intracellular physiological mechanisms involved. Abstract AJA 1989; 4:103, ex AETRIJ 1989; 14:43-60.

103.Cheshino M. He-Ne laser application in the treatment of wounds, ulcers and post-traumatic fistulas of limbs. Laser News 1989; 2:13-18.

104.Kaada B, Emru M. Promoted healing of leprous ulcers by transcutaneous nerve stimulation. AP & Electrotherapeutic Research International Journal 1988; 13:164-176.

105.Yang WB, Kong FW. AP for anal fissure. AJA 1987; 15:384.

106.Qian 1985 ...... re frostbite.

107.Sin et al 1983.... re antiinflamm/local needles.

108.Sin YM, Gwee AH, Loh MS. EAP on carrageenan-pleurisy: Comparative study using various body regions for stimulation. AJA 1984; 12:355-358.

109.Sin YM. Effect of different waveforms on acute pleurisy during EAP. AJA 1986; 14:39-42.

110.Sin YM. AP and thermal injury. AJA 1984; 12:133-138.

111.Deng SF. Acute conjunctivitis treated by bleeding method on tender Earpoints. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:66, ex CAP&M 1985; 5 (Oct):11-13.

112.Pothmann R, Yeh HL. Effects of treatment with antibiotics, laser and AP on chronic maxillary sinusitis in children. Abstract AJA 1983; 11:274, ex AJCM 1982; 10:55-58.

113.Eichner H, Kampig G, Wimmer M. AP in acute sinusitis maxillaris in children and adults. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:269, ex Akupunktur Theorie und Praxis 1987; 15:6-14.

114.Yoshikawa K et al. Protective effects of AP on habitual tonsillitis. Abstract AJA 1983; 11:79-80, ex JJSAP&M 1982; 31:372-380.

115.Liu XL et al. Analysis of the therapeutic effect of Earpoint pressure in 548 cases of infantile tracheitis. Abstract AJA 1989; 17:276, ex CAP&M 1988; 8 (Oct):15-16.

116.Li JQ. Chronic pyogenic otitis media treated by Ear-AP. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:68, ex CAP&M 1985; 5 (Oct):15-16.

117.Wang FT et al. Observation of clinical results of 70 cases of acute otitis media treated with He-Ne laser. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:84-85, ex CAP&M 1987; 7 (Oct):9-10.

118.Zhu YC et al. Cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis treated by fire needle. Abstract AJA 1987; 15;272, ex CAP&M 1987; 7 (Apr):13.

119.Zhong YS. 60 cases of tinea capitis treated by AP. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:80, ex CAP&M 1986; 6 (Aug):17-19.

120.Song JH. Foot Tinea treated by AP at Yu Zhen. Abstract AJA 1985; 13:380, ex CAP&M 1985; 5 (Jun):16-17.

121.Yu HC et al. Clinical analysis of 200 cases of scrofula with treatment by 6-cun long golden needle. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:374, ex CAP&M 1988; 8 (Apr):6-7.

122.Su JZ. Experience with treatment of warts by AP and its evaluation. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:82, ex JTCM 1987; 7 (Sep):199-202.

123.Lin YL et al. Study of AP points on gastric electrical activity in dogs. Abstract AJA 1981; 9:279, ex Shanghai Zhongyiyian Zazhi 1981; 2 (Feb):42-43.

124.Still J, Konrad J. Effect of AP at ST36 on gastric motor activity in dogs. Abstract AJA 1985; 13:277-278, ex Second Czech AP Congress, Bratislava, 1985; Feb. 21-23 (Meeting Paper Abstract).

125.Wu YX et al. Effect of AP at ST36 and test meal on gastrin level in healthy subjects and patients with atrophic gastritis of the pyloric antrum. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:376-377, ex JTCM 1982; 2 (Dec):147-148.

126.Sodipo JO, Falaiye JM. AP and peptic ulcer studies. Proceedings of the Symposium on AP & Moxibustion, Peking 1979. Paper A-045.

127.Li YY et al. Effect of AP on gastric acid secretion. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:275, ex Gastroenterology 1988; 94 (5/2):A261.

128.Jiang YG et al. Effect of EAP on gastric motility in rats. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:372, ex Gastroenterology 1987; 92:1454.

129.Zhou L, Chey WY. Subcutaneous EAP causes non-parietal cell secretion of the stomach in dogs. Abstract AJA 1983; 11:280-281, ex Gastroenterology 1983; 84:1359 (Meeting Paper Abstract).

130.Lu Z, Chey WY. EAP stimulates non-parietal cell secretion of the stomach in dogs. Abstract AJA 1984; 12:278, ex Life Science 1984; 34:2233-2238.

131.Qian ZS et al. Point injection for chronic atrophic gastritis. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:378, ex CAP&M 1988; 8 (Apr):1-3.

132.Dai S, Low WD, Ng CK, Ogle CW. Some preliminary findings on the effect of AP on the secretion and acid-induced ulcers in the rat-stomach. AJA 1974; 2;181-191.

133.Takahiro H. Effects of AP on rat stomach ulcer caused by acetic acid serosa-searing method. Abstract AJA 1982; 10:373, ex JJSAP&M 1982; 31:232-237.

134.Rogers PAM. Suspect peptic ulcer in two foals: AP therapy successful. AJA 1988; 16:287.

135.Kajdos V. Effective AP therapy for duodenal and gastric ulcers. AJA 1977; 5:277-279.

136.Qin XL. Observation of the therapeutic effect of 130 cases of abdominal pain by EAP at GV11 and GV09. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:180, ex CAP&M 1987; 7 (Dec):25.

137.Ionescu-Tirgoviste C, Bigu M, Ionescu C. AP in the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcer. AJA 1980; 8:19-21.

138.Li XT. AP treatment of 102 cases of infantile diarrhoea at GV01 and ST36. Abstract AJA 1985; 13:169-170, ex CAP&M 1984; 4 (Oct):17-18.

139.Wu DM. Clinical observation of 100 cases of infantile diarrhoea treated by AP. Abstract AJA 1985; 13:170-172, ex CAP&M 1984; 4 (Oct):14.

140.Dai QS. Diarrhoea in infants treated by AP. Abstract AJA 1985; 13:376 ex CAP&M 1985; 5 (Jun):14-15.

141.He JZ. Infantile diarrhoea treated with new AP therapy. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:379 ex CAP&M 1986; 6 (Jun):4-6.

142.Liu Z et al. Comparison of He-Ne laser and AP treatment of infantile enteritis. Abstract AJA 1989; 17:180, ex CAP&M 1988; 8 (Aug):17-18.

143.Danciu A, Danciu E. The preference of AP treatment in autonomic diabetic neuropathy. AJA 1985; 13:245-252.

144.Liu SI, Chai MJ, Cheng DK. A study on AP therapy on white scours of piglets. Annual Research Report, Animal Industrial Research Institute, Taiwan Sugar Company 1975; 295-305.

145.Lin JH, Lo YY, Shu NS, Wang JS, Lai TM, Kung SC, Chan WW. Control of pre-weaning diarrhoea in piglets by AP and herbal medicine. Personal Communication, Dept., Animal Husbandry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 1985.

146.Hwang YC, Jenkins EM. Effect of AP on induced enteropathic E. coli diarrhoea in young pigs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1988; 49:1641-1643.

147.Gao GX. Clinical observation of 192 cases of acute bacillary dysentery treated by AP. Abstract AJA 1983; 11:70, ex CAP&M 1982; 2 (Aug):6-7.

148.Hua YB et al. Effect of AP on intestinal function in acute bacillary dysentery. Abstract AJA 1982; 10:373, ex CAP&M 1982; 2 (Jun):11-13.

149.Tang H. He-Ne laser irradiation of AP points in treatment of 50 cases of acute appendicitis. Abstract AJA 1982; 10:180, ex JTCM 1981; 1/1:43-44.

150.Fan YK, Zhang CC. 20 years AP in 461 acute appendicitis cases. Abstract AJA 1984; 12;86, ex CMJ 1983; 96:491-494.

151.Jin AD. Treatment of 67 cases of child XU-type prolapsed rectum by AP and moxa. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:180-181, ex CAP&M 1985; 5 (Dec):7-8.

152.Igari T et al. Effect of AP and moxa for chronic liver disorders. Abstract AJA 1983; 11:376, ex JJSAP&M 1982; 32:34-39.

153.Jin 1983 ..... re AP/hepatitis.

154.Gao GX et al. Clinical observation of 55 cases of acute viral hepatitis treated by AP. Abstract AJA 1983; 11:272, ex CAP&M 1983; 3 (Apr):14-16.

155.Zhao JM. Acute jaundice hepatitis treated by AP. Abstract AJA 1985; 13:372-374, ex CAP&M 1985; 5 (Jun):4-6.

156.Zhao JM. Clinical observation and treatment by AP of 194 cases of chronic hepatitis. Abstract AJA 1983; 11:272, ex CAP&M 1983; 3 (Apr):14-16.

157.Ros LM. AP treatment for hepatitis. Abstract AJA 1989; 17:85 ex 4th International Congress of Chinese Medicine, University College San Francisco 1988; July 29-31.

158.Shen HP, Hu GS, Sha WJ. Clinical study of moxibustion treatment of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and type B chronic hepatitis. Abstract AJA 1989; 17:86, ex 4th International Congress of Chinese Medicine, University College San Francisco 1988; July 29-31.

159.Tao MZ et al. Preliminary clinical and experimental observation on asymptomatic carriers of antihepatitis B surface antigen. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:181, ex CAP&M 1988; 8 (Feb):28-31.

160.Wang YJ, Zhang WN. Effects of EAP on regional changes of monoamine neurotransmitters in brain of rat with carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury. Abstract AJA 1983; 11:282-283, ex JTCM 1982; 2 (Dec):261-265.

161.Watari N. Protective effect of AP for mouse liver injury caused by administration of carbon tetrachloride. Abstract AJA 1983; 11:79, ex JJSAP&M 1982; 31:315-322.

162.Watari N et al. Morphological study of the protective and curative effects of AP in experimental CCl4 hepatitis, alloxan diabetes and HgCl2 nephritis. Abstract AJA 1984; 12:381-382, ex JJSAP&M 1983; 33:125-133.

163.Wu JQ et al. Study on "Massage to activate the Meridian" technique in the treatment of cholecystolithiasis. Abstract AJA 1989; 17:270, ex CJIT&WM 1989; 9:141-143.

164.Song ZL. AP treatment of biliary ascariasis. Abstract AJA 1982; 10:173, ex CAP&M 1981; 1 (Oct):15-16.

165.Zhang SY et al. Bile excretion produced by AP stimulation of different points. Abstract AJA 1983; 11:372, ex CAP&M 1983; 3 (Jun):17-19.

166.Zhang SD et al. Observation on 150 cases of gallstones treated by pressing Auricular points. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:177, ex CAP&M 1985; 5 (Dec);4-6.

167.Deng DY et al. Ear AP in treatment of hepatolithiasis. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:274 ex CAP&M 1986; 6 (Apr):3-5.

168.Dong SR et al. Clinical analysis of therapeutic efficiency in 365 cases of cholelithiasis treated by pressure over Earpoints. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:273, ex JTCM 1986; 6 (Mar):1-5.

169.Heinzl MWR. When there is gallbladder trouble. AJA 1986; 14:83-84 (letter).

170.Sun JZ et al. Biliary ascariasis treated by penetrating points LI20 through to ST 2. Abstract AJA 1986: 14:272, ex CAP&M 1986; 6 (Apr):13-14.

171.Tian SX. Relation between pressing SI11 and infection and stones in the biliary tract. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:79, ex CAP&M 1986; 6 (Aug):20-21.

172.Zhang YP. AP treatment of 150 cases of acute cholecystitis: clinical results. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:66, ex CAP&M 1986; 6 (Aug):5-6.

173.Gong CM, Kong QL. Observation with realtime ultrasound on gallbladder contractive effects with EAP of Earpoint GB (Erdan point). Abstract AJA 1988; 16:181, ex CJIT&WM 1987; 7:273-274.

174.Li ZY et al. Observation of 114 cases of cholelithiasis treated by auricular plaster therapy. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:79, ex CAP&M 1987; 7 (Oct):23.

175.Mo TW. et al Observation of 70 cases of biliary ascariasis treated by AP. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:84, ex CAP&M 1987; 7 (Oct):13-14.

176.Wang YX. Observation on the effect of treatment by Earpoint pressure on 303 cases of biliary stones. Abstract AJA 1989; 17:273, ex CAP&M 1989; 9/1:8.

177.Aso T et al. Influence of AP on plasma levels of LH, FSH, progesterone and oestradiol in normally ovulating women. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:76, ex Rivista Italiana di Medicina Orientale 1986; 7:57-63.

178.Yu J, Huang WY, Zheng HM. EAP induced ovulation and changes in skin temperature of the hand. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:276-277, ex CJIT&WM 1986; 6:720-722.

179.Yu J et al. Changes in serum FSH, LH and ovarian follicular growth during EAP for induction of ovulation. Abstract AJA 1989; 17:269-270, ex CJIT&WM 1989; 9:199-202.

180.Woronzova GM, Undrizov K. AP for prevention of premature births in women with a high risk of abortion. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:269, ex Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Akupunktur 1987; 30:8-11.

181.Anon. Direct moxa at BL67 to correct foetal malposition. Abstract AJA 1982; 10:176, ex CAP&M 1981; 1 (Dec):17-19.

182.Ding AH et al. Laser-AP in converting breech presentations. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:380, ex LS&M 1986; 6:208 (Meeting Abstract).

183.Zhao RJ. Morning sickness in pregnancy treated by AP. Abstract AJA 1985; 13:180, ex CAP&M 1985; 5 (Feb):10-11.

184.Dundee JW, Ghaly RG. AP researchers concede they never opened a book. AJA 1989; 17:280 (Letter).

185.Flaws B. Leucorrhea and vaginitis: their differential diagnosis and treatment. AJA 1986; 14:305-315.

186.Steinberger A. Treatment of dysmenorrhoea by AP. Abstract AJA 1982; 10:282, ex AJCM 1982; 9:57-60.

187.Fang JQ et al. Clinical applications of PC06. Abstract AJA 1984; 12:372, ex CAP&M 1984; 4 (Jun):23-24.

188.Zhen L. AP-like effects of AChE-activators administered via the alimentary tract. AJA 1985; 13:43-49.

189.Helms JM. AP for the management of primary dysmenorrhoea. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:170, ex Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1987; 69:51-56.

190.Wang XM. Observations of the therapeutic effects of AP and moxa in 100 cases of dysmenorrhoea. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:383, ex JTCM 1987; 7 (Jan):15-17.

191.Shen QH, Zheng K. Treatment of vulvar dystrophy mainly with electro- thermo-AP. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:285, ex CJIT&WM 1988; 8:27-28.

192.Bai YL et al. The therapeutic effect of electrothermal-AP on 172 cases of nutritional leucoplakia vulvae. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:181, ex CAP&M 1988; 8 (Feb):20-21.

193.Wang L. Hysteromyoma treated by AP. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:174, ex CAP&M 1986; 6 (Feb):27.

194.Gerhard I, Postneek F. Auricular AP as a possible treatment for female sterility. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:373, ex Geburtsh. Fr., 1988; 48:165-171.

195.Liu WC et al. AP treatment of functional uterine bleeding: clinical observation of 30 cases. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:270, ex JTCM 1988; 8 (Mar):31-33.

196.Wang LQ. Short-term therapeutic effects in 60 cases of chronic pelvic inflammation treated by He-Ne laser. Abstract AJA 1983; 11:182, ex CAP&M 1983; 3 (Feb):40.

197.Wu XQ et al. Observations on the effect of He-Ne laser AP radiation in chronic pelvic inflammation. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:372, ex CAP&M 1986; 6 (Jun):23-24.

198.Wu XQ et al. Observations on the effect of He-Ne laser AP radiation in chronic pelvic inflammation. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:280, ex JTCM 1987; 7 (Dec):263.

199.Wang XM. Therapeutic effect of EAP with moxa in 95 cases of chronic pelvic inflammatory disease. Abstract AJA 1989; 17:275-276, ex JTCM 1989; 9/1:21-24.

200.Allen WE, Pycock JF. Current views on the pathogenesis of bacterial endometritis in mares. Veterinary Record 1989; 125:298-301.

201.Tominaga T. Therapeutic effect of AP on reproductive disorders and lameness in horses. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:282, ex Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Veterinary Acupuncture & Moxibustion 1985; 4:2-4.

202.Riegler R, Fischl F, Bunzel B, Neumark J. Correlation between psycho- logical changes and improvement of spermiogram following AP. Urology (A) 1984; 23:329-333.

203.Fischl F. Does AP influence sperm quality in subfertile men ? Abstract AJA 1984; 12:368, ex Deutsche Zeitschr. fur Akupunktur 1984; 27:53-56.

204.Fischl F. Does AP influence sperm quality in subfertile men ? Abstract AJA 1986; 14:170 ex Singapore Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1985; 16:151-155.

205.Zhang JS. Male infertility treated by AP: a report of 248 cases. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:279-280, ex CAP&M 1987; 7 (Feb):3-4.

207.Xu BR et al. AP treatment of 80 cases of chronic prostatitis. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:281, ex CAP&M 1987; 7 (Apr):19-20.

208.Jiang YL. Clinical observation on 250 cases of impotence treated by AP at Yangwei and procaine block at GV01. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:374, ex CAP&M 1988; 8 (Apr):28-29.

209.Li ZM, Ye CG. Treating impotence with TCM coordinated by AP and moxa. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:384, ex JTCM 1988; 8 (Jun):121-122.

210.Xu ZX et al. Treatment of 1000 cases of acute mastitis by AP point bleeding. Abstract AJA 1982; 10:186-187, ex CAP&M 1981; 1 (Dec):5-6.

211.Xiong XN. Moxa of CV17 and massage of SI11 in 47 cases of acute mastitis. Abstract AJA 1983; 11:78, ex JTCM 1982; 2 (Jun):109-110.

212.Xie BH. Acute mastitis treated with AP and bleeding on the forearm: report of 124 cases. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:61, ex CAP&M 1986; 6, (Aug), 7-8.

213.Gao DK et al. Efficacy of AP at GB21 in 393 cases of acute mastitis. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:276, ex JTCM 1986; 6 (Mar):19-20.

214.Liang ZP. Thirty-two cases of acute mastitis treated with AP, moxa and cupping. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:284, ex JTCM 1988; 8 (Mar):15-18.

215.Chen GS. AP treatment of breast fibrocystic disease. Abstract AJA 1982; 10:272 ex International Conference on World Medicine, New York 1982; March 19-28 (Meeting Abstract).

216.Guo CJ et al. AP treatment of mammary hyperplasia. Abstract AJA 1982; 10:368, ex CAP&M 1982; 2 (Jun):1-3.

217.Hou SK. Effect of freezing-warming AP in 90 cases of mammary hyperplasia. Abstract AJA 1985; 13:181, ex CAP&M 1984; 4 (Oct):15-16.

218.Yuan S et al. Therapeutic effect of microwave AP on 53 cases of prol- iferative mastosis. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:283, ex JTCM 1988; 8 (Mar):23-24.

219.Fava A, Bongliovanni A, Frassodati P. AP treatment of hypogalactia. AJA 1982; 10:333-339.

220.Fava A, Bonazzi del Poggetto C. AP treatment of hypogalactia: a seven- year experience. Abstract AJA 1989, 17, 83, ex 4th International Congress of Chinese Medicine, University College San Francisco 1988; July 29-31.

221.Yao CX. AP treatment for agalactia. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:373, ex JTCM 1988; 8 (Jun):127-128.

222.Strauss S. AP inhibition of a lasix-induced diuresis: a somatovisceral reflex. AJA 1981; 9:169-172.

223.Suzuki Y et al. The curative effects of AP in hypertension. Abstract AJA 1984; 12:384-385, ex JJSAP&M 1984; 33:260-265.

224.Zhao YM et al. Urinary calculi treated mainly by AP. Abstract AJA 1982; 10:174, ex CAP&M 1981; 1 (Dec):10-12.

225.Zhu ZY. Treatment of urolithiasis by AP point injection. Abstract AJA 1984; 12:86, ex CAP&M 1983; 3 (Oct):1-3.

226.Zhen KQ. Acute abdominal colic treated by AP at low-resistance points on the limbs. Abstract AJA 1984; 12:368, ex CAP&M 1984; 4 (Aug): backcover and p. 45.

227.Hosni R et al. Comparative effects of AP, paravertebral block and medical treatment in the management of acute renal colic. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:173, ex paper to the International Medical Acupuncture Conference, London 1986; May 4-6.

228.Jang YY. Urolithiasis treated by AP and Chinese herbs. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:379, ex CAP&M 1987; 7 (Feb):5-6.

229.Zhang XT. Clinical observation of 50 cases of renal colic treated by wrist-ankle AP. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:76, ex CAP&M 1987; 7 (Oct):16-17.

230.Zhen YC et al. Ureteral peristalsis caused by AP at SP06 and BL60. Abstract AJA 1982; 10:182, ex CAP&M 1981;1 (Dec):35-37.

231.Wu DZ et al. The effect of AP on posterior hypothalamic and medullary micturition centres and related function of the urinary bladder. Abstract AJA 1983; 11:84, ex CAP&M 1982; 2 (Oct):15-19.

232.Zhang ZX et al. Effect of AP on the midbrain micturition centre and related function of the urinary bladder. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:172, ex CAP&M 1985; 5 (Dec):31-34.

233.Chang PL. Urodynamic studies on AP for women with frequency, urgency and dysuria, Abstract AJA 1989; 17:75, ex Journal of Urology 1988; 140:563-566.

234.Stoller ML et al. Efficacy of AP in reversing unstable bladder in pig-tailed monkeys. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:276, ex Journal of Urology 1987; 137:104A (Meeting Abstract).

235.Mori H et al. Clinical studies on the effects of AP and TENS on the neurogenic bladder. Abstract AJA 1983; 11:374, ex JJSAP&M 1982; 32:40-46.

236.Ionescu-Tirgoviste C, Rodica V, Ionescu C, Tomescu M. The treatment of enuresis by AP. AJA 1983; 11:119-124.

237.Huo JS. Treatment of 11 cases of chronic enuresis by AP and massage. Abstract AJA 1989; 17:183, ex JTCM 1988; 8 (Sep):195-196.

238.Song GY. 1000 cases of mumps treated with ear needling on Pingjian point (MA-T2). Abstract AJA 1989; 17:272, ex JTCM 1989; 9/1:14.

239.Yang HJ. Herpes zoster treated by injection of medicine into AP points. AJA 1986; 14:276, ex CAP&M 1986; 6 (Apr):11-12.

240.Loo CW. Symptoms associated with impaired transmission of nerve impulses to different muscle areas and their treatment with AP. AJA 1985; 13:319-330.

241.Zhao L et al. Infantile acute infectious multiple radiculitis treated by AP in combination with point injection with ATP. Abstract AJA 1983; 11:382, ex CAP&M 1983; 3 (Jun):7-8.

242.Zheng KS et al. AP treatment of 24 cases of infectious multiple neuritis. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:270-272, ex JTCM 1986; 6 (Mar):29-30.

243.Zhang SL et al. Lobar pneumonia treated by AP point injection with physiological saline. Abstract AJA 1984; 12:81, ex CAP&M 1983; 3 (Dec):11-12.

244.Zalessky VN et al. Laser AP in experimental influenza in mice. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:278, ex LS&M 1988; 8:177.

245.Rabinowitz N. AP and the AIDS epidemic: reflections on the treatment of 200 patients in 4 years. AJA 1987; 15:35-42.

246.Smith MO. AIDS: Results of Chinese medical treatment show frequent symptom relief and some apparent long-term remissions. AJA 1988; 16:105-112.

247.Wang ZQ. AP treatment of 45 malaria cases. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:66, ex CAP&M 1986; 6 (Oct):18.

248.Xiao SQ et al. Clinical and experimental research on AP treatment of tertian malaria. Abstract AJA 1984: 12:74, ex CAP&M 1983; 3 (Aug):1-4.

249.Wang CJ et al. Schistosomiasis and thrombocythaemia after splenectomy treated by AP. Abstract AJA 1983: 11:81, ex CAP&M 1982; 2 (Dec):15-16.

250.Meng XY. Therapeutic effects of EAP on haemoptysis of pulmonary TB. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:178, ex CAP&M 1986; 6 (Feb):9-11.

251.Lopez BG, Lopez BR, Sumano HL. Acute infectious polyarthrosis in red- fringed parrots treated with electrostimulation. School Mexico City. Personal Communication 1987.

252.Dung HC. AP for the treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia. AJA 1987; 15:5-14.

253.Sumano HL, Ocampo LC, Gonzalez MV. Evaluation of the effect of AP and carbamacepine in treating idiopathic epilepsy and distemper-produced epileptiform convulsions in dogs. Rev. Veterinaria Mexico, 1987; 18:27-31.

254.Ren SZ. AP treatment for sequelae of poliomyelitis. Abstract AJA 1982; 10:173, ex CAP&M 1981; 1 (Aug):38-39.

255.Wang QD. Infantile paralysis treated by AP on points from the three joints. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:174-175, ex CAP&M 1985; 5 (Dec):15-16.

256.Zhao L et al. Infantile paralysis treated by embedded needle AP therapy. Abstract AJA 1985; 13:176-177, ex CAP&M 1985; 5 (Feb):1-3.

257.Qin NT et al. Infantile paralysis treated by AP and moxa. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:76, ex CAP&M 1986; 6 (Dec):1-3.

258.Lin MT et al. AP at LI04 and LI11 induces hypothermia and analgesia in normal adults. Abstract AJA 1982; 10:278, ex AJCM 1981; 9:74-83.

259.Zhao SH. Infant fever treated by Ear-AP therapy. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:72, ex CAP&M 1985; 5 (Aug):13-14.

260.Yang JZ. Fever accompanied with infantile convulsion treated with AP: report of 40 cases. AJA 15; 1987:278, ex CAP&M 1987; 7 (Apr):15-16.

261.Loo CW. Dramatic response of illnesses of spinal cord origin treated with SI03 and the "Loo Point". AJA 1988; 16:205-216.

262.Belgrade MJ, Solomon LM, Lichter EAP. Effect of AP on experimentally- induced itch. Abstract AJA 1984; 12:276, ex Acta Derm. Venereol. 1984; 64:129-133.

263.Lundeberg T et al. Effect of AP on experimentally induced itch. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:275, ex British Journal of Dermatology 1987; 117:771-777.

264.Shapiro RS, Stockard HE, Sckank A. Uraemic pruritus successfully controlled with AP. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:385, ex Dialysis 1988; 17:180-183 and AJA 1986; 14:235-242.

265.Xia YQ et al. Bloodletting therapy for acne. Abstract AJA 1983; 11:68, ex CAP&M 1982; 2 (Jun):9-10.

266.Shimura N et al. Enhancement of immune responsiveness by AP and diphenylalanine. Abstract AJA 1983; 11:381 ex Journal of Dental Research 1983; 62:669 (Meeting Paper Abstract).

267.Huang WY et al. Therapeutic effects in 56 cases of pruritus vulvae treated by AP. Abstract AJA 1985; 13:384, ex CAP&M 1985; 5 (Jun):7-9.

268.Lyrenas S et al. AP and EAP in the treatment of focal scleroderma. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:269, ex Gynaecol. Obstetr. Invest. 1987; 24:217-224.

269.Tian CH et al. AP therapy for chronic bronchitis. Abstract AJA 1982; 10:173, ex CAP&M 1981; 1 (Dec):37-41.

270.Sliwinski J, Matusiewcz R. Effect of AP on the clinical state of patients suffering from chronic spastic bronchitis and undergoing long-term treatment with corticosteroids. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:76, ex AETRIJ 1984; 9, 203-205.

271.Jobst K, Chen JH, McPherson K, Arrowsmith J, Brown V, Ethimiou J, Fletcher HJ, Maciocia G, Mole P, Shifrin K, Lane DJ. Controlled trial of AP for disabling breathlessness. Lancet 1986; Dec. 20/27:1416-1418.

272.Jobst KA, Chen JH, Lane DJ. Traditional Chinese AP for chronic disabling breathlessness. Thorax 1987; 42:223 (Meeting abstract).

273.Shang F et al. Clinical observation of 1493 cases of chronic bronchitis treated with EAP at GV points. Abstract AJA 1989; 17:180, ex CAP&M 1988; 8 (Oct):7-9.

274.Sun CJ. Treatment of 100 cases of bronchitis by AP point blocking. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:83, ex CAP&M 1986; 6 (Dec):4.

275.Tsibuliak VN, Silber EAP. Combination of superficial AP with thoracic vacuum massage in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. SJA&ET 1989; 4:88-94.

276.Jackeviciute GI. Laser AP in bronchial asthma and chronic bronchitis. SJA&ET 1989; 4:98 (Abstract).

277.Liu YB et al. Moxibustion and herb medicine used in treating 482 cases of bronchitis. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:280, ex CAP&M 1987; 7 (Feb):7-8.

278.Wen MS. Observation of 310 cases with bronchitis and asthma treated by suture embedding therapy. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:79, ex CAP&M 1987; 7 (Oct):5-6.

279.Feng GT et al. Mechanism of asthma remission by AP at LU10. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:278 ex CAP&M 1986; 6 (Apr):27-28.

280.Takishima T, Mue S, Tamura G, Ishihara T, Watanabe K. Bronchodilating effect of AP in patients with acute asthma. Annals of Allergy 1982; 48:44-49.

281.Batra YK, Chari P, Singh H. AP in corticosteroid-dependant asthmatics. AJA 1986; 14:261-264.

282.Kachan AT, Nezabudkin SN, Fedoseev GB, Gamayunov KP. Reflex therapy for patients with respiratory allergy. SJA&ET 1989; 4:51-65.

283.Portnov FG. Latest achievements in electropuncture. SJA&ET 1989; 4:78-84.

284.Guan 1987 .... re thermal AP/bronchitis.

285.He J, Ma R, Zhu L, Wang Z. Immediate relief and improved pulmonary functional changes in asthma symptom-complex treated by needle warming moxa. Abstract AJA 1989; 17:176-178, ex JTCM 1988; 8 (Sep):164-166.

286.Yang FS. Research into laser AP. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:280-281, ex LS&M 1987; 7:77-78 (Meeting paper abstract).

287.Anon. Effect of "Festering Moxa Therapy" on 985 cases of bronchial asthma. Abstract AJA 1982; 10:184, ex CAP&M 1981; 1 (Aug):15-18.

288.Zi ZM et al. Therapeutic effects on 182 cases of asthma treated by scarring moxa. Abstract AJA 1983; 11:84, ex CAP&M 1982; 2 (Oct):13-14.

289.Li XQ et al. Analysis of cyclic nucleotides system in the mechanism of "festering Moxa Therapy" on bronchial asthma. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:62, ex CAP&M 1986; 6 (Dec):33-35.

290.Ding YD et al. Relieving asthma by AP at BL12, BL13 and GV14. Abstract AJA 1984; 12:83, ex CAP&M 1983; 3 (Oct):7-8.

291.Wagner U, Gotz M. Airway obstruction can be attenuated by AP. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:269, ex Pediatr. Pulm. 1988; 4:107.

292.Mitchell P, Wells JE. AP for chronic asthma: a controlled trial with six months follow-up. AJA 1989; 17:5-13.

293.Fung KP et al. AP and exercise induced asthma. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:269, ex Pediatric Research 1986; 20:472A (Meeting Paper Abstract).

294.Kam PF et al. Attenuation of exercise-induced asthma by AP. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:172, ex The Lancet 1986; Dec. 20/27:1419-1422.

295.Kropej H. Influence of AP on rhinopathic vasomotoria: a sympathetic reaction. Abstract AJA 1984; 12:280-282, ex Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Akupunktur 1984; 27:...-....

296.Zhen L. AP-like effects of cesium salts acting on AP meridian points. AJA 1984; 12:351-353.

297.Chari P, Biwas S, Mann SBS, Sehgal S, Mehra YN. AP therapy in allergic rhinitis. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:143-147.

298.Lehmann V. The efficacy of AP and EAP in allergic rhinitis - a randomised, controlled study. SJA&ET 1989; 4:54-55.

299.Minjares T. The use of AP, moxa and herbs in the treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. AJA 1987; 15:180-181, ex paper to International Medical Acupuncture Conference, London 1986; May 4-6.

300.Xi YJ et al. AP treatment of early rheumatoid arthritis. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:64, ex JTCM 1986; 6 (No. 3):162-164.

301.Sun JD. Rheumatic arthritis treated with AP plus cupping. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:79, ex CAP&M 1986; 6 (Dec):7-8.

302.Jin PH. Rheumatoid arthritis treated by point injection of Chinese herbal medication. Abstract AJA 1984; 12:84, ex CAP&M 1983; 3 (Dec):9-10.

303.Cheng Z. Rheumatoid arthritis treated by magnetic AP. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:75, ex CAP&M 1985; 5 (Oct):5-7.

304.Shapiro RS. A dramatic therapeutic possibility in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. AJA 1989; 17:211-214.

305.Luo SR, Zhu YW. Extending moxibustion in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis:a clinical observation of 65 cases. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:174, ex JTCM 1987; 7 (Sep):171-176.

306.Luo SR et al. Clinical observation of "long snake" moxibustion with garlic in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:374, ex CAP&M 1988; 8 (Apr):8-11.

307.Sui BJ et al. Observation on effect on psoriasis of treatment with catgut embedding method. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:381, ex CAP&M 1988; 8 (Apr):4-5.

308.Hoang D. AP therapy for paralysis due to stroke and multiple sclerosis. AJA 1981; 9:129-138.

309.Walker JB. Modulation of spasticity: prolonged suppression of a spinal reflex by electrical stimulation. Science 1982; 216:203-204.

310.Smith MO, Rabinowitz N. AP treatment of multiple sclerosis: two detailed clinical presentations. AJA 1986; 14:143-146.

311.Steinberger A. Specific irritability of AP points as an early symptom of multiple sclerosis. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:179, ex AJCM 1986; 14:175-178.

312.Guo XZ et al. AP treatment of benign thyrocoele. Abstract AJA 1982; 10:368, ex CAP&M 1982;, 2 (Jun):4-6.

313.Jin SB et al. AP treatment of thyropathy. Abstract AJA 1982; 10:272, ex CAP&M 1982; 2 (Feb):14-17.

314.He QS et al. Clinical effects of different AP methods on hyper- thyroidism. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:68, ex CAP&M 1986; 6 (Oct):15-17.

315.Zhu HB. Clinical observation on treatment of 50 cases of endocrine exophthalmos by acupoint injection. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:170 ex CAP&M 1987; 7 (Jun):7-8.

316.Hu GS et al. A clinical study of treating Hashimoto's thyroiditis by moxibustion. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:77-78, ex JTCM 1987; 7 (Sep):181-184.

317.Ge TK et al. Treatment of exophthalmic hyperthyroidism by laser radiation at AP points. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:82 ex CAP&M 1986; 6 (Jun):20-22.

318.Ge T et al. An approach to the mechanisms of laser AP in treatment of exophthalmic hyperthyroidism. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:373 ex JTCM 1988; 8 (Jun):85-88.

319.Khoe WH. The use of AP in emergency cases. AJA 1976; 4:66.

320.Xu RZ et al. Observations on the curative effects on anaphylactic shock in mice by laser, EAP and embedded needles on auriculo acupoints. In Second National Symposium on AP and Moxibustion, Beijing. Foreign Languages Printing House 1984; 147.

321.Mu J. Influence of adrenergic antagonist and naloxone on the antiallergic shock effect of EAP in mice. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:176, ex AETRIJ 1985; 10:163-167.

322.Liu JL et al. Effect of GV26 on the circulation system. Abstract AJA 1984; 12:76, ex CAP&M 1983; 3 (Aug):44-47.

323.Liu JL et al. Effect of AP on catecholamine histochemistry in the adrenal medulla of rabbits in haemorrhagic shock. Abstract AJA 1985; 13:172-174, ex CAP&M 1984; 4 (Oct):3-34.

324.Liu JL. Histochemical observation on the effect of AP at GV26 in the adrenal cortex of rabbits in haemorrhagic shock. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:276, ex CAP&M 1986; 6 (Apr):33-35.

325.Xia YQ et al. AP effect on dehydrogenase in the myocardia of rabbits under haemorrhagic shock. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:165, ex CAP&M 1986; 6 (Feb):41-43.

326.Lee DC, Lee MO, Clifford DH, Ichiyanagi K. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation: comparison of cardiovascular effects at GV26 for 10 seconds and 10 minutes in dogs. AJA 1979; 7:215-222.

327.Lee DC, Lee MO, Clifford DH. Does beta endorphin modify the sympatho- mimetic effects of AP during anaesthesia in dogs ? AJA 1980; 8:215-222.

328.Anon. AP treatment of cardiovascular disease complicated by hyperlipid-aemia. Abstract AJA 1983; 11:66, ex CAP&M 1982; 2 (Aug):10-11.

329.Baraskov GN, Staroverov AT. Effects of AP on the neuronal mechanism of respiration. In: Theory and Practice of AP (3). Institute of Post- graduate Studies, Leningrad 1984.

330.Wu YL et al. Relationship between central cholinergic activity and pressor effect of EAP. 2. Under hypotension. Abstract AJA 1984; 12:383-384, ex CAP&M 1984; 4 (Jun):34-37.

331.Janssens L, Altman S, Rogers PAM. Respiratory and cardiac arrest under general anaesthesia: treatment by AP of the nasal philtrum. Veterinary Record 1980; 105:273-276.

332.Gonzalez BB, Sumano HL, Ocampo LC. Levels of acetylcholine in the medulla oblongata of rats treated with Doxapram or AP at GV26. Rev. Veterinaria Mexico 1982; 13:119-124.

333.Davies A, Janse J, Reynolds GW. AP in the relief of respiratory arrest. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 1984; 32:109-110.

334.Lin JH. AP demonstration in sows: resuscitation and reproductive disorders. ARQ 1985; 9:41-43.

335.Still J, Konrad J. The use of AP for resuscitation of animals. Veterinarni Medicina 1985; 30:493-500.

336.Still J. A comparison of the respiratory stimulant effects of AP at GV26 with noradrenaline in thiopental-induced apnoea in dogs. SJA&ET 1988; 3:129-136.

337.Ho CC. Effects of moxibustion at CV04 on cardiovascular and renal responses to histamine-induced shock. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:80, ex AJCM 1987; 15:77-82.

338.Chen GS, Erdmann W. Effects of AP on tissue oxygenation of the rat brain. CME&W 1977; 5:147-154.

339.Jiang DS et al. Effect of AP on cerebral blood flow of cats with experimental cerebral ischaemia. Abstract AJA 1984; 12:75, ex CJIT&WM 1983; 3:238-240.

340.Yurino M et al. Clinical effect of EAP on peripheral venous circulation. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:376, ex Journal of the Japan Society of Acupuncture 1986; 36:172-177.

341.Qiu ML et al. Observation of changes in rheoencephalogram and haemorheology in apoplexy patients before and after AP therapy. Abstract AJA 1984; 12:383, ex CAP&M 1984; 4 (2):1-5.

342.Ma SQ et al. Warm moxa treatment for hypertension and cardiac disease. Abstract AJA 1982; 10:187, ex CAP&M 1981; 1 (Dec):19-21.

343.Shi XM et al. Clinical analysis of 54 cases of cerebral haemorrhage treated by AP. Abstract AJA 1985; 13:170, ex CAP&M 1984; 4 (Oct):11-13.

344.Sun ST et al. Cerebrovascular disease treated by AP. Abstract AJA 1984; 12:371, ex CAP&M 1984; 4 (Aug):5-7.

345.Zhang Z et al. Hemiplegia treated by AP on points on the healthy side of the body. Abstract AJA 1985; 13:176, ex CAP&M 1985; 5 (Feb):6-7.

346.Li DM et al. Clinical study on treatment of cerebral haemorrhage by needling GV15 and GV16. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:88, ex CAP&M 1987; 7 (Jun):1-4.

347.Shan HR et al. Influence of GV15 and 16 on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients with brain haemorrhage. Abstract AJA 1988; 16:378, ex CAP&M 1988; 8, (Apr), 39-41.

348.Li DM et al. Clinical observation on AP therapy for cerebral haem- orrhage. Abstract AJA 1989; 17:274-275, ex JTCM 1989; 9 (1):9-13.

349.Liu XL et al. AP treatment of 55 cases of cerebral vascular disease and point injection of Angelica Sinensis Compositus. Abstract AJA 1982; 10:272, ex CAP&M 1982; 2 (Feb):27-29.

350.Wu YX. Treatment of 32 cases of pseudobulbar palsy by EAP. Abstract AJA 1984; 12:386, ex CAP&M 1984; 4 (1):10-11.

351.Bao XY et al. Elementary introduction to treatment of cerebral apoplexy (hemiplegia) with AP points on the head. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:275-276, ex CAP&M 1986; 6 (Apr):47-48.

352.Zhou YM et al. Hemiplegia and aphasia resulting from CVA treated by needling cervical sympathetic nerve. Abstract AJA 1983; 11:76, ex CAP&M 1982; 2 (Dec):17-19.

353.Xu BR et al. Therapeutic effects of AP in 262 cases of cerebral thrombosis. Abstract AJA 1984; 12:85, ex CAP&M 1983; 3 (Dec):13-14.

354.Yu ZS et al. Special function head-AP points for treating hemiplegia. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:75, ex CAP&M 1985; 5 (Aug):21-24.

355.Wang XM. Clinical AP treatment in 480 cases of hemiplegia. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:68, ex CAP&M 1986; 6 (Dec):5-6.

356.Chen DY. Treatment of cerebral paralysis and aphasia by scalp AP: Reports of 440 cases. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:283, ex CAP&M 1987; 7 (Apr):9-10.

357.Jiang YG et al. Moxa at ST36 and the effect on plasma fibrinogen and fibrinopenia. Abstract AJA 1983; 11:77-78, ex CAP&M 1982; 2 (Dec):33-34.

358.Chen JF et al. AP effects in haemorheology of in-patients suffering from diabetes mellitus. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:165, ex CAP&M 1986; 6 (Feb):5-8.

359.Nikolaev NA. Therapeutic effectiveness of laser and EAP in early cerebral-circulation insufficiency. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:179, ex Zh. Nevropatol. Psikhiatrii 1986; 86:60-64.

360.Ji N et al. A study on the mechanism of AP therapy in the treatment of sequelae of cerebrovascular accident or cerebral injury. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:87, ex JTCM 1987; 7 (Sep):165-168.

361.Schuldt H. A frequently misleading diagnosis: cerebral sclerosis. AJA 1984; 12:157-159.

362.Qi LY. Cerebral infarction treated with AP: changes in hemorrheological indices. Abstract AJA 1987; 15:272, ex CJIT&WM 1986; 6:730-733.

363.Qi LY et al. Effects of AP on serum HDL-C in cerebral infarction patients. Abstract AJA 1989; 17:278, ex JTCM 1988; 8:161-163.

364.Jiang DQ et al. The effect of Head and Body AP on 169 cases of sequelae of cerebrovascular disease. Abstract AJA 1989; 17:273-274, ex CAP&M 1989; 9 (1):12-13.

365.Petelin LS, Goidenko VS, Biblana IM. The effects of AP in multiple- modality treatment on some electrophysiological parameters in patients with mild acute cranio-cerebral trauma. Abstract AJA 1986; 14:78, ex Zhournal Nevropatol. Psikh. 1985; 85:1166-1171.

366.Wang XM. Sequela of cerebr

Meridian codes: LU-LI / ST-SP / HT-SI / BL-KI / PC-TH / GB-LV